yucemanitu
30-11-2008, 03:05
CONVERSATIONS WITH A GORILLA
(This article describes Koko, a remarkable language-using gorilla. Using sign language, she has a vocabulary of at least 375 words which she uses regularly and accurately. Her trainer, Dr. Francine Patterson, is a researcher in language and communication. She became involved with Koko when the gorilla was nine months old.
1 Koko is a seven-year-old "talking" gorilla. She is the focus of my
career as a developmental psychologist, and also has become a dear friend. Through mastery of sign language—the familiar hand speech of the deaf- —Koko has made us, her human companions, aware not only that her breed is bright, but also that it shares sensitivities commonly held to be the prerogative of people.
2 Take Koko's touching empathy toward fellow animals. Seeing a
horse with a bit in its mouth, she signed, "Morse sad." When asked why
the horse was sad, she signed, "Teeth." Shown a photo of the famous
albino gorilla Snowflake struggling against having a bath, Koko, who
also hates baths, signed, "Me cry there," while pointing at the picture.
But Koko responds to more complicated motivations, too. She loves an
argument and is not averse to trading insults.
3 What makes all this awesome—even for me, after six years of
witnessing such incidents—is that Koko, by all accepted concepts of
animal and human nature, should not be able to do any of this.
Traditionally, such behavior has been considered uniquely human; yet
here is a language-using gorilla.
4 On our first meeting, Koko did nothing to advance the cause of
gorilla public relations. Quickly sizing me up, the tiny 20-pound gorilla
bit me on the leg. But 1 was undeterred. People often ask if I am worried
about dealing with Koko when she reaches full growth, perhaps 250
pounds. The answer is no, though at 130 pounds she already outweighs
me and; is astonishingly strong. While many captive chimpan/ces
become difficult to work with as ihey mature, gorillas seem to be of quite
a different temperament.
5 Vocabulary development is one of the best indexes of human
intelligence. Koko's vocabulary grew at a remarkable pace. Over the first
year and a half, she acquired about one new sign every month. By six and
a half, she had used 645 different signs. Finally, 1 would estimate that
Koko's current working vocabulary—signs she uses regularly! and
appropriately—stands at about 375.
5 From the start, I monitored Koko's performance on human
intelligence tests. Testing Koko's 1Q has not been easy. There is, for
instance, a cultural bias toward humans that shows up when tests are
iujministered to a gorilla. One quiz asked the child, "Point to the two
things that are good to eat." The depicted objects were a block, an apple,
a shoe, a flower, and an ice cream sundae. Koko, reflecting her gorilla
tastes, picked the apple and the flower. Another asked the child to pick
where he would run to shelter from the rain. The choices were a hat, a
spoon, a tree, and a house. Koko naturally chose the tree. Rules for the
scoring required that 1 record these responses as errors.
5 Evidence I have been a£CimuiJating strongly suggests that Koko
expresses a make-believe capacity similar to humans'. At about the age
of five, Koko discovered the value of the lie to get herself out of a jam.
After numerous repeat performances I'm convjriced thai Koko is really
lying in these circinnstances and not merely making mistakes. One of
her first lies also involved the recoastruction of an earlier happening.
My assistant Kate Mann was with Koko, then tipping the scales at 90
pounds, when the gorilla plumped down on the kitchen sink in the
trailer and it separated from its frame and dropped out of alignment.
Later, when 1 asked Koko if she broke the sink, she signed, "Kate There
bad," pointing to the sink. Koko couldn't know, of course, that I would
never accept the idea thai Kale would go around breaking sinks.
5 Koko is defining objects. "What is a stove?" 1 ask her. She points
to the stove. "What do you do with it?" "Cook with." "What is an
orange?" "Food, drink."
5 She perceives right and wrong, but is touchy about blame. During
a videotaping session, when I turn away, she tries to steal grapes from a
bowl. I scold, her. "Stop stealing. Don't be such a pig. Be polite. Ask me.
Stealing is wrong, wrong, like biting and hurling are wrong." Then I ask,
"What does Penny do that's wrong?" Koko says, "Break things, lie, tell
me 'polite' (when I'm] hungry pig."
5 Finally, Koko is learning self-esteem. A reporter asks aboui Koko
as a person. I turn to Koko: "Are you an animal or a person?"
11 Koko's instant response: "Fine animal gorilla."
(This article describes Koko, a remarkable language-using gorilla. Using sign language, she has a vocabulary of at least 375 words which she uses regularly and accurately. Her trainer, Dr. Francine Patterson, is a researcher in language and communication. She became involved with Koko when the gorilla was nine months old.
1 Koko is a seven-year-old "talking" gorilla. She is the focus of my
career as a developmental psychologist, and also has become a dear friend. Through mastery of sign language—the familiar hand speech of the deaf- —Koko has made us, her human companions, aware not only that her breed is bright, but also that it shares sensitivities commonly held to be the prerogative of people.
2 Take Koko's touching empathy toward fellow animals. Seeing a
horse with a bit in its mouth, she signed, "Morse sad." When asked why
the horse was sad, she signed, "Teeth." Shown a photo of the famous
albino gorilla Snowflake struggling against having a bath, Koko, who
also hates baths, signed, "Me cry there," while pointing at the picture.
But Koko responds to more complicated motivations, too. She loves an
argument and is not averse to trading insults.
3 What makes all this awesome—even for me, after six years of
witnessing such incidents—is that Koko, by all accepted concepts of
animal and human nature, should not be able to do any of this.
Traditionally, such behavior has been considered uniquely human; yet
here is a language-using gorilla.
4 On our first meeting, Koko did nothing to advance the cause of
gorilla public relations. Quickly sizing me up, the tiny 20-pound gorilla
bit me on the leg. But 1 was undeterred. People often ask if I am worried
about dealing with Koko when she reaches full growth, perhaps 250
pounds. The answer is no, though at 130 pounds she already outweighs
me and; is astonishingly strong. While many captive chimpan/ces
become difficult to work with as ihey mature, gorillas seem to be of quite
a different temperament.
5 Vocabulary development is one of the best indexes of human
intelligence. Koko's vocabulary grew at a remarkable pace. Over the first
year and a half, she acquired about one new sign every month. By six and
a half, she had used 645 different signs. Finally, 1 would estimate that
Koko's current working vocabulary—signs she uses regularly! and
appropriately—stands at about 375.
5 From the start, I monitored Koko's performance on human
intelligence tests. Testing Koko's 1Q has not been easy. There is, for
instance, a cultural bias toward humans that shows up when tests are
iujministered to a gorilla. One quiz asked the child, "Point to the two
things that are good to eat." The depicted objects were a block, an apple,
a shoe, a flower, and an ice cream sundae. Koko, reflecting her gorilla
tastes, picked the apple and the flower. Another asked the child to pick
where he would run to shelter from the rain. The choices were a hat, a
spoon, a tree, and a house. Koko naturally chose the tree. Rules for the
scoring required that 1 record these responses as errors.
5 Evidence I have been a£CimuiJating strongly suggests that Koko
expresses a make-believe capacity similar to humans'. At about the age
of five, Koko discovered the value of the lie to get herself out of a jam.
After numerous repeat performances I'm convjriced thai Koko is really
lying in these circinnstances and not merely making mistakes. One of
her first lies also involved the recoastruction of an earlier happening.
My assistant Kate Mann was with Koko, then tipping the scales at 90
pounds, when the gorilla plumped down on the kitchen sink in the
trailer and it separated from its frame and dropped out of alignment.
Later, when 1 asked Koko if she broke the sink, she signed, "Kate There
bad," pointing to the sink. Koko couldn't know, of course, that I would
never accept the idea thai Kale would go around breaking sinks.
5 Koko is defining objects. "What is a stove?" 1 ask her. She points
to the stove. "What do you do with it?" "Cook with." "What is an
orange?" "Food, drink."
5 She perceives right and wrong, but is touchy about blame. During
a videotaping session, when I turn away, she tries to steal grapes from a
bowl. I scold, her. "Stop stealing. Don't be such a pig. Be polite. Ask me.
Stealing is wrong, wrong, like biting and hurling are wrong." Then I ask,
"What does Penny do that's wrong?" Koko says, "Break things, lie, tell
me 'polite' (when I'm] hungry pig."
5 Finally, Koko is learning self-esteem. A reporter asks aboui Koko
as a person. I turn to Koko: "Are you an animal or a person?"
11 Koko's instant response: "Fine animal gorilla."